This paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents a thorough review of the literature on airport climate adaptation and resilience, Section 3, the relevant airport climate resilience reports and data are analysed. In order to narrow the research gap, this paper aims to develop a quantitative CRI framework for airports and uses cases within the United Kingdom (UK) to generate insights and guide adaptation planning for airport climate resilience. annual climate data) and subjective data for qualitative indicators are combined for a single assessment score to give a Climate Resilience Indicator (CRI) for airports, and 3) uncertainty in both objective and subjective data on climate indicators are well dealt with and are transformed from input to output to guide rational adaptation planning. There is little research in the existing literature investigating a new generic methodology where: 1) all climate indicators influencing airport resilience are identified and effectively integrated, 2) the objective data (e.g. (2018) also revealed climate sensitivities by literature reviews, expert surveys, vulnerabilities for geographic information system data collection and hazard projections.Īlthough some studies prove the value of climate adaptation, these papers reveal some theoretical and practical problems in their applications. (2015) compared the climate impacts by the number of extreme weather events (EWE), wind gusts, snowfalls, blizzards, heavy rains, heat waves and cold spells.

Based on the established climate data models, Stamos et al. There are also a growing number of climate risk studies on critical infrastructures due to cyclones (Lam et al., 2017, Hoshino et al., 2016) and heat waves (Schubert et al., 2014), including some data-driven studies for visualising climate resilience (Stamos et al., 2015) and the escalation of extreme climate impacts (Forzieri et al., 2018). Various studies are working on climate change vulnerabilities and trends in climate change adaptation (Poo et al., 2018, Poo et al., 2019, Poo et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2019, Wang et al., 2020). Such risks significantly impact global transport systems, among which airports are the most sensitive, hence stimulating research into climate risk and resilience. For instance, the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season caused over $200 billion in damages from 17 storms (Drye, 2017). These uncertainties create risks, which result in catastrophic incidents. The world has experienced more uncertainties as a result of climate change (IPCC, 2014). The intensity, frequency, duration, extent and timing of events are increasing and may lead to the fundamental transformation of many established socio-economic systems. More extreme weather events are expected as the climate continues to change. The findings provide valuable insights into how urgently an airport needs to deal with climate change and reveal information to help with resource allocation for different airports nationally through proactive adaptation planning.Ĭlimate change is the most significant environmental threat and affects humanity both severely and frequently (Wang and Ng, 2021). An evidential reasoning (ER) approach is used to evaluate each airport by integrating all the indicators to derive its final CRI score. Climate-related data was collected from multiple sources to evaluate an airport's performance against each indicator. This paper aims to develop a Climate Resilience Indicator (CRI) framework for assessing airport climate resilience, which for the first time, considers: climate exposure, vulnerability and adaptive capacity simultaneously and advances the development of climate risk analysis of airports to a point where their adaptation and resilience can be quantified under uncertainty in data. Due to increased extreme weather events, climate adaptation has become an essential issue to be addressed by all transport infrastructures, including airports.

Airport weather indicator